![]() Limited evidence suggests that Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) is sometimes a condition separate from ADHD. But psychologists and psychiatrists seldom use these terms, which originate in the speech and language profession. We hear a lot about children having CAPD or Auditory Processing Disorder (APD). We call these problems Central Auditory Processing Disorders.” ADHD or Auditory Processing Disorder? Some adults have problems in converting these electrical neuronal impulses into meaning. “The brain processes these electrical impulses into sounds, then into words, and then into meaningful sentences and ideas,” says Kutscher. From this point, what the listener thinks he “hears” is actually a series of silent electrical stimuli carried by neuronal wires.The listener’s eardrums vibrate, causing movement of three tiny bones that, in turn, stimulate the cochlear nerve.The speaker’s vocal cords produce a sequence of vibrations that travel invisibly through the air and land on the recipient’s eardrums.Here’s what happens in an exchange between speaker and listener: ![]() “What you think you ‘hear’ is a virtual-reality recreation of sounds that stopped at your eardrum and, from there on, exist as soundless electrical impulses.” “There’s no tiny speaker inside your brain that relays messages from the outside,” explains neurologist Martin Kutscher, M.D., author of ADHD-Living Without Brakes. “We’ve had hardly any garbled messages since George started taking medication for his ADHD,” says Diane. The couple also discovered that stimulant medication may rectify misinterpretation by “strengthening the signal,” the neurochemical pathway from the ear (where sound waves enter) to the brain’s auditory processing cortex (where sounds are interpreted and given meaning). Their therapist gave George and Diane strategies for enhancing communication. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) and ADHD Simply put, CAPD causes a person to misinterpret what someone is saying and the tone of voice in which it is said. The couple was relieved when the cognitive therapist explained to them that ADHD has a common comorbid condition called Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD). Just as their miscommunication reached fever pitch, George was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But the message had been sliced and diced on the way from my mouth to his understanding of what I’d said.” Diane was right. He was looking right at me, paying attention. Diane didn’t buy it: “It’s not that he wasn’t listening or didn’t want to listen. The couple’s therapist suggested that George had a deep-seated resistance to listening to Diane, so he blocked her out. Given the couple’s tangled talk, and George’s penchant for watching TV at full volume, Diane thought he had a hearing problem, but testing nixed that theory. Puzzled, he said, “Your suits stare? What?”ĭespite Diane’s clarification, George insisted that she had said exactly that - and in a disapproving tone of voice. Once she met him at her front door with a warm smile, noticed mud on his shoes, and asked him to leave his boots on the stairs. The listening difficulties of children with APD may be a consequence of cognitive, language, and attention issues rather than bottom-up auditory processing.“Garbled.” That is how Diane described communicating with her fiancé George. Methodological quality of most of the incorporated studies was rated moderate due to the heterogeneous groups of participants, inadequate descriptions of participants, and the omission of valid and reliable measurements. These differences relate to auditory and visual functioning, cognition, language, reading, and physiological and neuroimaging measures. Significant dissimilarities were found between children referred with listening difficulties and controls. ![]() In total, 48 studies were included, of which only 1 was classified as having strong methodological quality. Five studies were excluded because of weak internal validity. Methodological quality was quantified using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels of evidence.įifty-three relevant studies were identified. Relevant studies were independently reviewed and appraised by 2 reviewers. Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies investigating children with (suspected) APD in comparison with typically developing peers. The purpose of this review article is to describe characteristics of auditory processing disorders (APD) by evaluating the literature in which children with suspected or diagnosed APD were compared with typically developing children and to determine whether APD must be regarded as a deficit specific to the auditory modality or as a multimodal deficit.
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